jeudi 3 février 2011

Praxis und Theorie

Nachträglich ausgearbeitetes Manuskript eines Referates, gehalten am 16.12.2005 auf der Tagung "Kritische Gesellschaftstheorie(n) und emanzipatorische Praxis heute" an der Carl von Ossietzky Universität in Oldenburg
Der Fetischcharakter, gesellschaftlich notwendiger
Schein, ist geschichtlich zum Prius dessen geworden,
wovon er seinem Begriff nach das Posterius wäre. [...]
Kritik an der Gesellschaft ist Erkenntniskritik
und umgekehrt.
Theodor W. Adorno, Zu Subjekt und Objekt

Vorbemerkung

Einleitung

Mein Beitrag zur Tagung "Kritische Gesellschaftstheorie(n) und emanzipatorische Praxis heute" will grundsätzliche Überlegungen zu Erkennen und Handeln des modernen Individuums anstellen; dies geschieht – mit Blick auf die Frage der Tagung nach "emanzipatorischer Praxis" – auch in der Absicht, Ansatzpunkte für eine "radikale Abschaffungsbewegung" zu entwickeln.
Die Frage danach, was zu tun sei, gilt gemeinhin als die entscheidende Frage an jedwedes Vorhaben, welches sich die Emanzipation von Herrschaft hin zu Freiheit, Versöhnung und Glück zur Aufgabe gemacht hat. Dass hier Theorie, gar eigene Gedankenanstrengung, irgendwie dazugehört, Stichwortgeber sein soll, ist Allgemeinplatz der Linken. Als Gradmesser jedoch gilt immer die konkrete und praktische Handlungsperspektive. Handlung wird dabei verstanden als die aktive körperliche (von Streik bis "direct action") und/oder kommunikative Anstrengung in (meist) intersubjektiven Akten (Intervention in Diskurse, Aufklärung etc.). Praktische, materielle Tätigkeit eben. Ziel ist das verändernde Eingreifen in gesellschaftliche Abläufe.
In meinem Vortrag und der anschließenden Diskussion soll erörtert werden, wie sich die kapitalistische Moderne durch das dialektische Verhältnis zwischen Theorie/Denken einerseits und Praxis/Handeln andererseits konstituiert und welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für eine emanzipatorische Perspektive ergeben.
Darüber hinaus ist die Veranstaltung Teil eines Aneignungsprozesses der kritischen Philosophie Adornos, in dem auch der Autor sich befindet. Es soll dabei keineswegs um eine apologetische Orthodoxie gehen, sondern um eine Erkenntnis ganz im Sinne Horkheimers und Adornos, dass nur der die Wahrheit erfährt, der "dabei denkt und weiter denkt" (Horkheimer/Adorno, Dialektik der Aufklärung).
Ich beginne mit der Trennung von Theorie und Praxis bzw. Denken und Handeln. Als getrennt sind sie zuerst einmal auch hinzunehmen und sie sind weder zwangsharmonisierend zu vereinen, noch kann versucht werden, jene Trennung unmittelbar aufzulösen. Denn gerade diese Aufspaltung in Theorie und Praxis und deren dialektische Vermitteltheit machen die Einheit im Ganzen aus. Es handelt sich um eine Einheit durch Trennung. Was sich hier ausdrückt, hängt ganz wesentlich mit der widersprüchlichen Konstitution der Moderne zusammen, die auf dem dichotomen, aber reziproken Verhältnis zwischen Subjekt und Objekt beruht – Dialektik. Dialektik als Verhältnis, als Verhältnis der Moderne, als modernes Verhältnis.
Anzufangen wäre also mit der "angeblich naiven" Ansicht, Objekt stehe Subjekt gegenüber. Die Trennung von Subjekt und Objekt ist jedoch "real und Schein", sie sind "wechselseitig durcheinander vermittelt" (Adorno, "Zu Subjekt und Objekt"); eben in dem Sinne einer Einheit durch Trennung. Der patriarchale herrschaftliche Geist des idealiter männlichen Erkenntnissubjekts usurpiert mit seinem Anspruch der Selbständigkeit und Autonomie das Objekt, er verschlingt oder unterwirft es. Deshalb ist es wichtig, auf die Bedingungen des eigenen Erkennens und Denkens zu reflektieren, ebenso sich bewusst zu sein, dass man selber auch immer Objekt ist.
Im folgenden will ich zunächst jedoch auf die eine "Ebene" – die des Geistes, des Denkens – eingehen, um später dann genauere Ausführungen zu Subjekt und Objekt folgen zu lassen.

Theorie und Praxis

Ich beginne mit der Feststellung, was Denken und Handeln, Praxis/Theorie heute darstellen, welche Tendenzen zu erkennen sind. Mit Adorno lässt sich dazu sagen: "Während Denken zur subjektiven, praktisch verwertbaren Vernunft sich beschränkt, wird korrelativ das Andere, das ihr entgleitet, einer zunehmend begriffslosen Praxis zugewiesen, die kein Maß anerkennt als sich selbst."
Denken heutzutage ist tautologisch, bezieht sich vermittelt auf sich selbst. Vom hochwissenschaftlichen Theoretisieren - oder auch Phantasieren - bis zum Alltagsverstand, bezieht Denken sich auf von ihm selbst verdinglichte Dinge (näheres hierzu s.u.). Es reproduziert also beständig seine eigene Form. Auch das Erkenntnisproblem als solches (z.B. in der Philosophie) gab es in früheren Epochen so nicht. Die Erkenntnistheorie fragt im Grunde danach, wie das Subjekt aus sich selbst heraus Erkenntnis begründen und damit Wahrheit setzen kann.
Bei der näheren Bestimmung der beiden Begriffe –Theorie und Praxis –, ist der Focus auf Denken/Theorie gerichtet. Jedoch dürfte schon aufgefallen sein, wie wenig sie tatsächlich voneinander zu trennen sind; was nicht heißt, dass sie sich decken, sogar eins wären, sondern sie sind nicht zu trennen, verweisen aufeinander und bedürfen einander: sie sind im oben angeführten Sinne vermittelnd vermittelt.
Zunächst kann festgehalten werden, dass Theorie eine Gestalt von Praxis ist; banal gesagt: Denken ist Tun, auch Anstrengung und nicht ohne ein ihr Korrespondierendes vorzustellen. Denken hat in gewissem Maße einen Doppelcharakter: es ist immanent und stringent und zugleich eine reale Verhaltensweise, somit auch Moment von Praxis. Ähnlich es Praxis als solche auch nicht geben würde, wenn sie nicht gedacht werden könnte.
In Anlehnung an Horkheimers/Adornos "Dialektik der Aufklärung" betrachten wir nun kurz die Funktion des Begriffs: Denken dient als Organ der Herrschaft, zugleich aber auch als Selbstbesinnung; hierfür zentrales Werkzeug ist der Begriff. Begriff meint immer auch, auf den Begriff bringen, identifizieren etc., und dabei heißt Begriffsbildung, sich praktisch mit etwas auseinander zu setzen. Die Funktion des Begriffs für das Subjekt ist dabei, Scharnier zu sein zwischen Theorie und Praxis, die Möglichkeit des Subjekts, sich der Umwelt, den Objekten zu bemächtigen.
In diesem Zusammenhang möchte ich auf Verdinglichung hinweisen: Verdinglichung meint – bezogen auf Denken – begrifflich – menschliches Verhalten, aber auch sog. Natur und andere Gegenstände zu fixieren, festzusetzen, ihrer eigenen Qualität und Eigenständigkeit zu berauben, eben zu verdinglichen. Verdinglichung negiert den Unterschied zwischen Begriff – als "Werkzeug" des Geistes – und dem Gegenstand, sie vereint unwahr/falsch. Zudem: "Das verdinglichte Bewusstsein, das sich verkennt, wie wenn es Natur wäre, ist naiv: sich selbst, ein Gewordenes und in sich überaus Vermitteltes, nimmt es, mit Husserl zu reden, als ‘Seinssphäre absoluter Ursprünge‘, und sein von ihm zugerüstetes Gegenüber als die ersehnte Sache" (Adorno, Zu Subjekt und Objekt).
Der herrschaftliche Geist verschlingt also, bemächtigt sich des Gegenstandes; es kommt nun darauf an, selber zu reflektieren, dass man Objekt ist.
Wenn ich oben für Subjekt und Objekt gesagt habe, dass sie nur durcheinander bestehen, sich gegenseitig bedingen, dann gilt für den Geist/das Selbstbewusstsein des Subjekts, also auch fürs Denken – was die Theorie mit einschließt –, dass eben dieser Geist somit selbständig oder besser selbsttätig und bedingt/vermittelt zugleich ist. Der kritische Geist weiß um seine Bedingtheit, ist sich dieser bewusst! Obwohl es so einfach selbstverständlich auch nicht ist; es reicht nicht, lediglich einmal dieses Wissen zu erwerben; die stete Anwendung, das kritische Reflektieren, das immer neu und wieder – auch methodische – Überprüfen der eigenen Thesen am Objekt und der Erfahrung ist gerade ein Moment von Praxis, bedarf der höchsten Anstrengung und Aufmerksamkeit. Mehr auf Objekt und weniger auf Erfahrung gehe ich später noch kurz ein.
Dadurch, dass die Menschen (tendenziell, nicht absolut!) immer mehr zu Funktionen der Gesellschaft gemacht werden, sich aber auch in einer Art vorauseilendem Gehorsam selber dazu machen – sie werden nicht direkt abhängig oder personal beherrscht –, wird das Subjekt vom Geist damit getröstet, dass jener den Menschen zum Schöpfer, zum absoluten HERREN seiner selbst und Gebieter über die Dinge erhöht. Dialektisch gesprochen: das Subjekt macht die durch objektive gesellschaftliche Bewegung/Verhältnisse vollzogene Verdinglichung des menschlichen Denkens (wie ich es gerade kurz dargestellt habe) zu seiner eigenen Reflexionsform, die wiederum zugleich Voraussetzung zur Aufrechterhaltung des Verhältnisses ist. In diesem Zusammenhang verweise ich auf die auch von mir im Reader zitierte Adornostelle: "Der Fetischcharakter, gesellschaftlich notwendiger Schein, ist geschichtlich zum Prius dessen geworden, wovon er seinem Begriff nach das Posterius wäre." Und dann, ein paar Seiten weiter, formuliert Adorno: "[...]Kritik an der Gesellschaft ist Erkenntniskritik und umgekehrt."
Theorie gehört der Gesellschaft an, aber eben ähnlich und noch mehr wie für das Subjekt gilt für diese: Sie ist zugleich autonom, fähig zur Reflexion und Selbstbesinnung. Theorie enthält somit ein Moment der Selbständigkeit; Theorie ist also in der Lage gerade vermöge ihrer Verstricktheit und Gewordenheit in dieser Gesellschaft, sich jener und ihrer eigenen Situation kritisch bewusst zu werden und somit – in der Absicht gegen diese Gesellschaft gerichtet – durch sie hindurch bedingte Freiheit zu erlangen und hierdurch die universale Freiheit, welche die Abschaffung der bestehenden Verhältnisse, also Kommunismus, wäre, möglich erscheinen zu lassen. Dass im Denken die Möglichkeit und teilweise, wie aufgezeigt, es tatsächlich erscheint, sich von der "blinden Vorherrschaft materieller Praxis" (Adorno) zu befreien, verweist auf die Möglichkeit, dass es überhaupt und allen, also global und universell, möglich ist, sich dieser Herrschaft, sich diesem Bann (der Arbeit) zu entledigen. Es verweist also wiederum auf Freiheit. Und u.a. deswegen wäre auch das Ziel richtiger Praxis: ihre eigene Abschaffung; eben auch verstanden als Abschaffung gesellschaftlich bestimmter Praxis und mehr noch die Abschaffung von Denken/Theorie – im kontemplativen Sinne – als eine abgespaltene, isoliert existierende Sphäre der menschlichen Existenz. Es geht also um die Überwindung dieses Widerspruchs. An dieser Stelle gilt es genau jenen Widerspruch der in sich widersprüchlichen Gesellschaft in emanzipatorischer Absicht theoretisch in Stellung zu bringen, denn seine Widersprüchlichkeit weist selbst über den Kapitalismus hinaus, lässt ihn doch nicht als letztes Wort der Geschichte dastehen. Kritische Theorie muss in ihrer Kritik also immanent vorgehen. Hierzu Postone: "Die dialektische Darstellungsweise soll demnach ihrem Gegenstand adäquat sein und ihm zum Ausdruck verhelfen. Nur als solcherart immanente Kritik beansprucht die Marxsche Analyse dialektisch zu sein: insofern sie zeigt, dass ihr Gegenstand dies ist." (Postone: Zeit, Arbeit, gesellschaftliche Herrschaft)
Aufgrund dieser immanenten, negativen Kritik lässt sich das Verhältnis zwischen Theorie und Praxis als dem von Subjekt und Objekt ähnlich darstellen: Gesellschaftliche Praxis, also Praxis überhaupt, ist sowohl durch Denken als auch durch Handeln der vergesellschafteten Individuen bestimmt. Psychologisch lässt sich dieser Widerspruch wie folgt darstellen:

Subjekt und Objekt

Dazu, wie sich das moderne Subjekt darstellt, und als eine Art Problemaufriss soll folgendes Zitat von Claus Peter Ortlieb dienen:
Im Folgenden versuche ich eine kleine Annäherung an Adornos erkenntnistheoretisches Diktum des "Vorranges des Objekts" zu geben; dies, weil es m.E. auf der einen Seite wichtig ist für das Verständnis, was kritische Erkenntnis überhaupt bedeutet – das meint das Erkennen von Erscheinungen und Erfahrungen in unserer Gesellschaft, unseres alltäglichen Lebens, bis hin zur Anschauung der sog. Natur. Auf der anderen Seite enthält das Erkenntnismodell des "Vorranges des Objekts" wichtige Implikationen zur Bestimmung des Verhältnisses von Subjekt und Objekt, und nicht zuletzt hat es auch Konsequenzen für eine jede fällige Praxis:
Obwohl das starre Gegenüber, das Getrenntsein von Subjekt und Objekt bereits Moment von Verdinglichung ist, so bedeutet "Vorrang des Objekts" nicht eine Reduktion auf bloßes Wahrnehmen, nicht eine Hinwendung an das scheinbar unmittelbar so Daseiende und dessen Empfindung. Es sollte bisher deutlich geworden sein, dass im Objekt immer auch Subjektives steckt und wir aber nicht einfach dies Subjektive abschneiden können, wir nicht aus unserer Subjektform heraustreten können. Dazu schreibt Adorno: "Der Vorrang von Objekt...ist das Korrektiv der subjektiven Reduktion, nicht die Verleugnung eines subjektiven Anteils." In der Reflexion wird somit Subjektivität und damit auch Subjekt selber zum festgehaltenen Moment und dem Objektiven wird somit der Vorrang gewährt, dass nun alles in seiner Bedingtheit und seiner relativen Eigenständigkeit Berücksichtigung findet. Wir haben es so also weder mit einem Kantschen "Ding an sich" noch mit einer rein subjektiven Setzung zu tun. Reflektiert und erkennt zwar immer das Subjekt (weswegen ja gerade dem Objekt Vorrang gewährt wird), so tut es dies doch, wenn es kritisch im Sinne des "Vorranges des Objekts" verfährt, im Bewusstsein der "Bedingtheit des Bedingenden".
Nach Adorno ist der "Vorrang des Objekts" auch von Praxis zu achten. "Recht verstanden ist Praxis, sofern Subjekt seinerseits ein Vermitteltes ist, das, was das Objekt will: sie folgt seiner Bedürftigkeit." Da die Bedürftigkeit sowie die Objekte selber jedoch durch das Gesamtsystem vermittelt sind, bedarf es eben einer Theorie, die kritisch durch diese Vermittlungen hindurch die Bedürftigkeit bestimmt, denn das "Ziel richtiger Praxis wäre ihre eigene Abschaffung". Die Theorie wiederum ist ständig an Erfahrung zu überprüfen und steht mit ihr in Wechselwirkung, hält sozusagen Rücksprache. Bei Adorno klingt das folgendermaßen:
Ausgehend von diesen Überlegungen zu "Subjekt und Objekt" und entgegen des Diktums der "objektiven Wissenschaft", alles Subjektive aus einem Untersuchungsgegenstand wegzunehmen, und ganz im Einklang mit Adornos Konzeption des "Vorranges des Objekts" lässt sich sagen: Vom Objekt das Subjektive wegzuschneiden ist a) wohl kaum möglich, weil es den Anschein erweckt, die Sachen seien nicht vermittelt, nicht von Menschen beeinflusst, wenn nicht gar gemacht; und es übersieht auch völlig die subjektiv geformte und formal subjektive Erkenntnisart des Individuums, und b) verfälscht es den Gegenstand gerade um ein ihm wesentliches Moment; verfährt reduktionistisch.
Als Indikator für die geschlechtliche Abspaltung kann in Bezug auf das Erkenntnisproblem das Vorgehen in wissenschaftlicher "Wahrheitsproduktion" herangezogen werden: Idealtypisch wird im Experiment alles abgespalten, was nicht in die wissenschaftliche Form, was sich nicht der formalen Methode einschließlich der theoretischen Vorbestimmungen fügen will. Von Wirklichkeit wird abstrahiert. Zum Funktionieren von Wirklichkeit, und damit auch zur Reproduktion der falschen Gesellschaft, bedarf es jedoch nicht nur in der Wissenschaft dieser abgespaltenen, nicht unter die eine Form subsumierbaren Momente. Historisch sind diese Momente (seien es "Natur", Emotionen, Zuneigung, zeitverausgabende Tätigkeiten wie z.B. Hege und Pflege etc.) fast ausschließlich idealiter Frauen zugeschrieben und realiter an eben jene delegiert worden.
Auf dieser Grundlage lässt sich für das Denken allgemein folgende Feststellung machen: dass das patriarchale Denken nämlich nicht trotz, sondern gerade wegen der Tatsache, dass es die sinnliche, konkrete Welt nicht wahrnehmen, dieser sich eben herrschaftlich bemächtigen kann.
Mit Roswitha Scholz ist darauf zu beharren, dass nicht alles, was vom Erkenntnissubjekt nicht erfasst wird oder erfasst werden kann, was von ihm abgespalten und verdrängt wird, seinerseits wiederum identitätslogisch bestimmt wird, also nicht ebenso der universellen "Gleichmacherei" anheimfällt oder als das ontologisch Gute aufgefasst wird. Es gibt eine "Spannung zwischen Begriff und Differenzierung". Weder wird man so der jeweiligen Eigenqualität des Abgespaltenen gerecht, noch verhält sich das sog. MWW (also das männlich, weiße, westliche Subjekt) gegenüber allem seiner Logik ausgeschlossenem Differenten jeweils gleich. Ich verweise an dieser Stelle lediglich auf die Unterschiede von Rassismus – incl. der zu unterscheidenden Rassismen –, Sexismus und nicht zuletzt dem Antisemitismus. Dazu noch einmal Adorno: "Die spezifischen Differenzen der einzelnen sind ebenso Male des gesellschaftlichen Drucks wie Chiffren menschlicher Freiheit." (Theodor W. Adorno, Zum Verhältnis von Soziologie und Psychologie)
Im letzten Abschnitt sollen nun im Anschluss an das eben Gesagte vorläufige Überlegungen zu Theorie und Praxis der Bewusstwerdung dargestellt werden.

Bewusstwerdung

Zum Schluss ist es mir wichtig, nochmals zu betonen: diese Überlegungen gelten ausschließlich für die – nicht nur philosophische – Moderne, und dabei ist darauf zu beharren, dass sowohl das historische Subjekt als auch die gegebenen Gegenstände weder überhistorisch gültig noch natürlich sind. Das Gegenteil anzunehmen, das ist eben verdinglichendes und identifizierendes Denken, der universale, identitätslogische Anspruch des herrschaftlichen Geistes. Genauso wenig darf in einer Rückprojektion der Erkenntnismodus oder die Kritik auf vormoderne Zeiten angewandt werden.
Mit Blick auf das Motto des Arbeitskreises und der Tagung in Oldenburg gilt also in der Tat, sich nicht dumm machen zu lassen, weder vom krisenkapitalistischen Alltag noch vom blinden (linken) Aktionismus, welcher oft gar nicht so unterschieden vom Alltag ist, wie er es gerne propagiert.
14.02.2006

Tammo Jansen 


mercredi 2 février 2011

The Revolution of Modern Art and the Modern Art of Revolution

 The Crisis of Modern Art: Dada and Surrealism

"Never before," wrote Artaud [in Theatre and Its Double], "has there been so much talk about civilisation and culture as today, when it is life itself that is disappearing. And there is a strange parallel between the general collapse of life, which underlies every specific symptom of demoralisation, and this obsession with a culture which is designed to domineer over life." Modern Art is at a dead end. To be blind to this fact implies a complete ignorance of the most radical theses of the European avant-garde during the revolutionary upheavals of 1910-1925: that art must cease to be a specialised and imaginary transformation of the world and become the real transformation of lived experience itself. Ignorance of this attempt to recreate the nature of creativity itself, and above all its vicissitudes in Dada and Surrealism, has made the whole development of modern art incoherent, chaotic and incomprehensible.
With the Industrial Revolution, there began a change in the whole definition of art -- slowly, often unconscioulsy, it changed from a celebration of society and its ideologies to a project of total subversion. From being the focus and guarantee of myth, "great" art became an explosion at the centre of the mythic constellation. Out of mythic time and space it produced a radical historical consciousness which released and reassembled the real contradictions of bourgeois "civilisation."
Even the antique became subversive -- in 50 years, art escaped from the certainties of Augustan values and created its own revolutionary myth of a primitive society. For David and Ledoux, the imperative was to capture the forms of life and self-consciousness which had produced the culture of the ancient world; to recreate rather than to imitate. The 19th century was only to give that proposal a more demoniac and Dionysian gloss.
The project of art -- for Blake, for Nietzsche -- became the transvaluation of all values and the destruction of all that prevents it. Art became negation: in Goya, in Beethoven, or in Gericault, one can see the change from celebrant to subversive within the space of a lifetime. But a change in the definition of art demanded a change in its forms and the 19th century was marked by an accelerating and desperate attempt at improvising new forms of artistic attack. Courbet began by touting his pictures round the countryside in a marquee and ended in the Commune by superintending the destruction of the Vendome column (the century's most radical artistic art, which its author immediately disowned).
After the Commune, artists suffered a collective loss of nerve. Mythic time was reborn out of the womb of historical continuity, but it was the mythic time of an isolated and finally obliterated individuality. In the novel, Tolstoy or Conrad struggled to retain a sense of nothingness; irony teetered over into despair; time stopped and insanity took over.
For the Symbolists, the evasion of history became a principle; they gave up the struggle for new revolutionary forms in favor of a purely mythic cult of the isolated artistic gesture. If it was impossible to paint the proletariat, it was equally impossible to paint anything else. So art had to be about nothing; life must exist for art's sake; the ugly and intolerable truth, said Mallarme with complete disdain, is the "popular form of beauty." The Symbolists lived on in a realm of an infinitely elegant but stifling tautology. In Mallarme himself, the inescapable subject of poetry is the death of being and the birth of abstract consciousness: a consciousness at once multiform, perfect, magnificently anti-dialectical and radically impotent.
In the end, for all its fury (and Symbolists and Anarchists worked side-by-side in the 1890s) revolutionary art was caught in contradictions. It could not or would not break free of the forms of bourgeois culture as a whole. Its content and method could become transformations of the world but, while art remained imprisoned within the social spectacle, its transformations remained imaginary. Rather than enter into direct social conflict with the reality it criticized, it transferred the whole problem into an abstract and inoffensive sphere where it functioned objectively as a force consolidating all it wanted to destroy. Revolt against reality became the evasion of reality. Marx's original critique of the genesis of religious myth and ideology applies word-for-word to the rebellion of bourgeois art: it too "is at the same time the expression of real distress and the protest against real distress. It is the sigh of the oppresses creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. It is the opium of the people" [Marx, Contribution to the critique of Hegel's "Philosophy of Right"].
The separation and hostility between the "world" of art and the "world" of everyday life finally exploded in Dada. "Life and art are One," proclaimed Tzara; "the modern artist does not paint, he creates directly." But this upsurge of real, direct creativity had its own contradictions. All the real creative possibilities of the time were dependent on the free use of its real productive forces, on the free use of its technology, from which the Dadaists, like everyone else, were excluded. Only the possibility of total revolution could have liberated Dada. Without it, Dada was condemned to vandalism and, ultimately, to nihilism -- unable to get past the stage of denouncing an alienated culture and the self-sacrificial forms of expression which it imposed on its artists and their audience alike. It painted pictures on the Mona Lisa, instead of raising the Louvre. Dada flared up and burnt out as an art sabotaging art in the name of reality and reality in the name of art. A tour de force of nihilistic gaiety. The variety, exuberance and audacity of the ludic creativity it liberated, vital enough to transmute the most banal object or event into something vivid and unforeseen, only discovered its real orientation in the revolutionary turmoil of Germany at the end of the First World War. In Berlin, where its expression was most coherent, Dada offered a brief glimpse of a new praxis beyond both art and politics: the revolution of everyday life.
Surrealism was initially an attempt to forge a positive movement out of the devastation left in the wake of Dada. The original Surrealist group understood clearly enough, at least during its heyday, that social repression is coherent and is repeated on every level of experience and that the essential meaning of revolution could only be the liberation and immediate gratification of everyone's repressed will to live -- the liberation of a subjectivity seething with revolt and spontaneous creativity, with sovereign re-inventions of the world in terms of subjective desire, whose existence Freud had revealed to them (but whose repression and sublimation Freud, as a specialist accepting the permanence of bourgeois society as a whole, could only believe to be irrevocable). They saw quite rightly that the most vital role a revolutionary avant-garde could play was to create a coherent group experimenting with a new lifestyle, drawing on new techniques, which were simultaneously self-expressive and socially disruptive, of extending the perimeters of lived experience. Art was a series of free experiments in the construction of a new libertarian order.
But their gradual lapse into traditional forms of expression -- the self-same forms whose pretensions to immortality the Dadaists had already sent up, mercilessly, once and for all -- proved to be their downfall: their acceptance of a fundamentally reformist position and their integration within the spectacle. They tried to introduce the subjective dimension of revolution into the communist movement at the very moment when its Stalinist hierarchy had been perfected. They tried to use conventional artistic forms at the very moment when the disintegration of the spectacle, for which they themselves were partly responsible, had turned the most scandalous gestures of spectacular revolt into eminently marketable commodities. As all the real revolutionary possibilities of the period were wiped out, suffocated by bureaucratic reformism or murdered by the firing squad, the Surrealist attempt to supersede art and politics in a completely new type of revolutionary self-expression steadily degenerated into a travesty of its original elements: the mostly celestial art and the most abject communism.

The Transformation of Poverty and the Transformation of the Revolutionary Project 

From then till now . . . nothing. For nearly half a century, art has repeated itself, each repetition feebler, more inane than the last. Only today, with the first signs of a more highly evolved revolt within a more highly developed capitalism, can the radical project of modern art be taken up again and taken up more coherently. It is not enough for art to seek its realisation in practice; practice must also seek its art. The bourgeois artists, rebelling against the mediocrity of mere survival, which was all their class could guarantee, were always tragically at cross-purposes with the traditional revolutionary movement. While the artists -- from Keats to the Marx Brothers -- were trying to invent the richest possible experience of an absent life, the working class -- at least on the level of their official theory and organisation -- were struggling for the very survival the artists rejected. Only now, with the Welfare State, with the gradual accession of the whole proletariat to hitherto 'bourgeois' standards of comfort and leisure, can the two movements converge and lose their traditional animosity. As, in mechanical succession, the problems of material survival are solved and as life, in an equally mechanical succession, becomes more and more disgusting, all revolt becomes essentially a revolt against the quality of experience. One knows very few people dying of hunger. But everyone one knows is dying of boredom.

By now it has become painfully evident to everyone -- apart from a gag radical left -- that it is not one or another isolated aspect of contemporary civilisation that is horrifying, but our own lives as a whole, as they are lived on an everyday level. The utter debacle of the left today lies in its failure to notice, let alone understand, the transformation of poverty which is the basic characteristic of life in the highly industrialised countries. Poverty is still conceived in terms of the 19th century proletariat -- its brutal struggle to survive in the teeth of exposure, starvation and disease -- rather than in terms of the inability to live, the lethargy, the boredom, the isolation, the anguish and the sense of complete meaninglessness which are eating like a cancer through its 20th century counterpart. The left blithely accepts all the mystifications of spectacular consumption. They cannot see that consumption is no more than the corollary of modern production -- functioning as both its economic stabilisation and its ideological justification -- and that the one sector is just as alienated as the other. They cannot see that all the pseudo variety of leisure masks a single experience: the reduction of everyone to the role of passive and isolated spectators, forced to surrender their own individual desires and to accept a purely fictitious and mass-produced surrogate. Within this perspective, the left has become no more than the avant-garde of the permanent reformism to which neo-capitalism is condemned. Revolution, on the contrary, demands a total change, and today this can only mean to supersede the present system of work and leisure en bloc.
The revolutionary project, as dreamed among the dark satanic mills of consumer society, can only be the creation of a new lease of life as a whole and the subordination of the productive forces to this end. Life must become the game desire plays with itself. But the rediscovery and the realisation of human desires is impossible without a critique of the phantastic form in which these desires have always found the illusory realisation which allowed their real repression to continue. Today this means that 'art' -- phantasy erected into a systematic culture -- has become Public Enemy Number One. It also means that the traditional philistinism of the left is no longer just an incidental embarrassment. It has become deadly. From now on, the possibility of a new revolutionary critique of society depends on the possibility of a sex revolutionary critique of culture and vice versa. There is no question of subordinating art to politics or politics to art. The question is of superseding both of them insofar as they are separated forms.
No project, however phantastic, can any longer be dismissed as 'Utopian.' The power of industrial productivity has grown immeasurably faster than any of the 19th century revolutionaries foresaw. The speed at which automation is being developed and applied heralds the possibility of the complete abolition of forced labor -- the absolute pre-condition of real human emancipation -- and, at the same time, the creation of a new, purely ludic type of free activity, whose achievement demands a critique of the alienation of 'free' creativity in the work of art. Art must be short-circuited. The whole accumulated power of the productive forces must be put directly at the service of man's imagination and will to live. At the service of the countless dreams, desires and half-formed projects which are our common obsession and our essence, and which we all mutely surrender in exchange for one or another worthless substitute. Our wildest fantasies are the richest elements of our reality. They must be given real, not abstract powers. Dynamite, feudal castles, jungles, liquor, helicopters, laboratories . . . everything and more must pass into their service. "The world has long haboured the dream of something. Today if it merely becomes conscious of it, it can possess it really." (Marx, Letter to Ruge, September 1843)

The Realisation of Art and the Permanent Revolution of Everyday Life

"The goal of the Situationists is immediate participation in a varied and passionate life, through moments which are both transient and consciously controlled. The value of these moments can only lie in their real effect. The Situationists see cultural activity, from the point of view of the totality, as a method of experimental construction of everyday life, which can be developed indefinitely with the extension of leisure and the disappearance of the division of labour (and, first and foremost, the artistic division of labour). Art can stop being an interpretation of sensations and become an immediate creation of more highly evolved sensations. The problem is how to produce ourselves, and not the things which enslave us." ("Theses on the Cultural Revolution," Internationale Situationniste No. 1, 1958)
It is not enough to burn the museums. They must also be sacked. Past creativity must be freed from the forms into which it has been ossified and brought back to life. Everything of value in art has always cried aloud to be made real and to be lived. This 'subversion' of traditional art is, obviously, merely part of the whole art of subversion we must master (cf. Ten Days That Shook the University). Creativity, since Dada, has not been a matter of producing anything more but of learning to use what has already been produced.
Contemporary research into the factors 'conditioning' human life poses implicitly the question of man's integral determination of his own nature. If the results of this research are brought together and synthesized under the aegis of the cyberneticians, then man will be condemned to a New Ice Age. A recent 'Commission on the Year 2000' is already gleefully discussing the possibilities of 'programmed dreams and human liberation for medical purposes.' (Newsweek, 16/10/67) If, on the contrary, these 'means of conditioning' are seized by the revolutionary masses, then creativity will have found its real tools: the possibilities of everyone freely shaping their own experience will become literally demiurgic. From now on, Utopia is not only an eminently practical project, it is a vitally necessary one.
The construction of situations is the creation of real time and space, and the widest integrated field before it lies in the form of the city. The city expresses, concretely, the prevailing organisation of everyday life. The nightmare of the contemporary megalopolis -- space and time engineered to isolate, exhaust and abstract us -- has driven the lesson home to everybody, and its very pitilessness has begun to engender a new utopian consciousness. "If man is formed by circumstances, then these circumstances must be formed by man." (Marx, The Holy Family) If all the factors conditioning us are co-ordinated and unified by the structure of the city, then the question of mastering our own experience becomes one of mastering the conditioning inherent in the city and revolutionising its use. This is the context within which man can begin, experimentally, to create the circumstances that create him: to create his own immediate experience. These "fields of lived experience" will supersede the antagonism between town and country which has dominated human life up to now. They will be environments which transform individual and group experience, and are themselves transformed as a result; they will be cities whose structure affords, concretely, the means of access to every possible experience, and, simultaneously, every possible experience of these means of access. Dynamically inter-related and evolving wholes. Game-cities. In this context, Fourier's dictum that "the equilibrium of the passions depends upon the constant confrontation of opposites" should be understood as an architectural principle. (The subversion of past culture as a whole finds its focus in the cities. So many neglected themes -- the labyrinth, for example -- remain to be explored.) What does Utopia mean today? To create the real time and space within which all our desires can be realised and all of our reality desired. To create the total work of art.
Unitary urbanism is a critique, not a doctrine, of cities. It is the living critique of cities by their inhabitants: the permanent qualitative transformation, made by everyone, of social space and time. Thus, rather than say that Utopia is the total work of art, it would be more accurate to say that Utopia is the richest and most complex domain serving total creativity. This also means that any specific propositions we can make today are of purely critical value. On an immediate practical level, experimentation with a new positive distribution of space and time cannot be dissociated from the general problems of organisation and tactics confronting us. Clearly a whole urban guerilla will have to be invented. We must learn to subvert existing cities, to grasp all the possible and the least expected uses of time and space they contain. Conditioning must be thrown in reverse. It can only be out of these experiments, out of the whole development of the revolutionary movement, that a real revolutionary urbanism can grow. On a rudimentary level, the blazing ghettoes of the USA already convey something of the primitive splendor, hazardousness and poetry of the environments demanded by the new proletariat. Detroit in flames was a purely Utopian affirmation. A city burnt to make a negro holiday . . . shadows of most terrible, yet great and glorious things to come. . . .

The Work of Art: A Spectacular Commodity

Unfortunately, it is not only the avant-garde of revolutionary art and politics which has a different conception of the role to be played by artistic creativity. "The problem is to get the artist onto the workshop floor among other research workers, rather than outside industry producing sculptures," remarks the Committee of the Art Placement Group, which is sponsored by, amongst others, the Tate Gallery, the Institute of Directors, and the Institute of Contemporary Arts (Evening Standard, 1/2/67). In fact, industrialisation of 'art' is already a fait accompli. The irreversible expansion of the modern economy has been forcing it to accord an increasingly important position for a long time now. Already the substance of the tertiary sector of the economy -- the one expanding the most rapidly -- is almost exclusively 'cultural.' Alienated society, by revealing its perfect compatibility with the work of art and its growing dependence upon it, has betrayed the alienation of art in the harshest and least flattering light possible. Art, like the rest of the spectacle, is no more than the organisation of everyday life in a form where its true nature can at most be dismissed and turned into the appearance of its opposite: where exclusion can be made to seem participation, where one-way transmission can be made to seem communication, where loss of reality can be made to seem realisation.
Most of the crap passed off as culture today is no more than dismembered fragments -- reproduced mechanically without the slightest concern for their original significance -- of the debris left by the collapse of every world culture. This rubbish can be marketed simply as historico-aesthetic bric-a-brac or, alternatively, various past styles and attitudes can be amalgamated, up-dated and plastered indiscriminately over an increasingly wide range of products as haphazard and auto-destructive fashions. But the importance of art in the spectacle today cannot be red(Evening Standard, 1/2/67)uced to the mere fact that it offers a relatively unexploited accumulation of commodities. Marshall McLuhan remarks: "Our technology is, also, ahead of its time, if we reckon by the ability to recognise it for what it is. To prevent undue wreckage in society, the artist tends now to move from the ivory tower to the control tower of society. Just as higher education is no longer a frill or a luxury, but a stark need for production in the shaping and structure created by electric technology." And Galbraith, even more clearly, speaks about the great need "to subordinate economic to aesthetic goals." (Guardian, 22/2/67)
Art has a specific role to play in the spectacle. Production, once it is no longer answering any real needs at all, can only justify itself in purely aesthetic terms. The work of art -- the completely gratuitous product with a purely formal coherence -- provides the strongest ideology of pure contemplation possible today. As such it is the model commodity. A life which has no sense apart from contemplation of its own suspension in a void finds its expression in the gadget: a permanently superannuated product whose only interest lies in its abstract technico-aesthetic ingenuity and whose only use lies in the status it confers on those consuming its latest remake. Production as a whole will become increasingly 'artistic' insofar as it loses any other raison d'etre.
Rated slightly above the run-of-the-mill consumers of traditional culture is a sort of mass avant-garde of consumers who wouldn't miss a single episode of the latest 'revolt' churned out by the spectacle: the latest solemn 80 minute flick of 360 variegated bare arses, the latest manual of how to freak out without tears, the latest napalm-twisted monsters air-expressed to the local Theatre of Fact. One builds up resistance to the spectacle, and, like any other drug, its continued effectiveness demands increasingly suicidal doses. Today, with everyone all but dead from boredom, the spectacle is essentially a spectacle of revolt. Its function is quite simply to distract attention from the only real revolt: revolt against the spectacle. And, apart from this one point, the more extreme the scandal the better. Any revolt within the spectacular forms, however sincere subjectively -- from The Who to Marat/Sade -- is absorbed and made to function in exactly the opposite perspective to the one that was intended. A baffled 'protest vote' becomes more and more overtly nihilistic. Censorship. Hash. Vietnam. The same old careerism in the same old rackets. Today the standard way of maintaining conformity is by means of illusory revolts against it. The final form taken by the Provos -- Saturday night riots protected by the police, put in quarantine, functioning as Europe's premier avant-garde tourist attraction -- illustrates very clearly how resilient the spectacle can be.
Beyond this, there are a number of recent cultural movements which are billed as a coherent development from the bases of modern art -- as a contemporary avant-garde -- and which are in fact no more than the falsification of the high points of modern art and their integration. Two forms seem to be particularly representative: reformism and nihilism.

The Phoney Avant-Garde

Attempts to reform the artistic spectacle, to make it more coherent and, inseparably, to resurrect the illusion of participation in it, are ten a penny. For a time, separated forms -- sound, light, jazz, dance, painting, film, poetry, politics, theatre sculpture, architecture, etc -- have been brought together, in various juxtapositions, in the mixed and multi-media shows. In kinetic art we are promised the apotheosis of the process. A current Russian group declares: "We propose to exploit all possibilities, all aesthetic and technical means, all physical and chemical phenomena, even all kinds of art as our methods of artistic expression." (Form, No. 4) The specialist always dreams of 'broadening his field.' Likewise the obsessive attempts to make the 'audience' 'participate.' No one cares to point out that these two concepts are blatantly contradictory, that every artistic form, like every other prevailing social form, is explicitly designed to prohibit even the intervention, let alone the control, of the vast majority of people. Endless examples could be cited. Last winter saw "Vietnamese Free Elections" billed as an experiment in creating "total involvement" in the Vietnamese situation through a fusion of political and dramatic form, etc. "Actors are not wanted," it was stated. "This is a new exercise in audience participation" that came with the ticket. "If you want to speak, hold up your hand. When you are recognised by the chairman, you must give your real name and the fictional occupation entered on your background sheet. . . . During the course of the meeting, you are operating as a fictional character and not as a spokesman for your personally held beliefs" (emphasis in original). The Happening is the general matrix of participation art -- and the Happening is where it becomes obvious that nothing ever happens. Everyone has lost themselves as totally as they have lost everyone else. Without the drugs, it could be explosive.
Cop art, cop artists. The whole lot moves towards a fusion of forms in a total environmental spectacle complete with various forms of prefabricated and controlled participation. It is just an integral part of the all-encompassing reforming of modern capitalism. Behind it looms the whole weight of a society trying to obscure the increasingly transparent exclusion and repression it imposes on everyone, to restore some semblance of colour, variety and meaning to leisure and work, to "organise participation in something in which it is impossible to participate." As such, these artists should be treated the same way as police-state psychiatrists, cyberneticians, and contemporary architects. Small wonder their avant-garde cultural 'events' are so heavily policed.
Anything art can do, life can do better. A journalist describes the sense of complete reality of driving a static racing car in an ambiance consisting solely of a colour film, which responded to every touch of the steering and acceleration as though he were really speeding round a race track. Even the sensations of a 120 mph smash could be simulated (Daily Express, 18/1/66) Expo '67, the Holy City of science fiction, boasts a three-million-buck 'Gyrotron' designed "to lift its passengers into a facsimile of outer space and then dunk them in a fiery volcano. . . . We orbit up an invisible track. Glowing around us are spinning planets, comets, galaxies . . . man-made satellites, Telstars, moon rockets . . . vooming in our cars are electronic undulations, deep beeps and astral snores." Finally, the 'participants' are plunged down a "red incinerator, surrounded by simulated lava, steam and demonic shrieks" (Life, 15/5/67) Reinforced by the sort of conditioning made possible by the discoveries of the kinetic artists, such techniques could ensure an unprecedented measure of control. Sutavision, an abstract form of colour TV, already mass-marketed, offers to provide "wonderful relaxation possibilities" giving "a wide series of phantasies" and functioning as "part of a normal home or business office." "Radiant colours moving in an almost hypnotic rhythm across the screen . . . wherein one can see any number of intriguing spectacles." Box three, a further refinement of TV, can manipulate basic mood changes through the rhythms and the frequency of the light patterns employed (Observer Magazine, 23/10/66) Still more sinister is the combination of total kinetic environments and a stiff dose of acid. "We try to vaporise the mind," says a psychedelic artist, "by bombing the senses." The Us Company [a commune of painters, poets, film-makers, teachers and weavers that lived and worked together in an abandoned church in Garneville, New York] artists call their congenial wrap-around a "be-in" because the spectator is to exist in the show, rather than look at it. The audience becomes disorientated from their normal time sense and preoccupations. . . . The spectator feels he is being transported to mystical heights." And this "is invading not only museums and colleges, but cultural festivals, discotheques, movie houses and fashion shows" (Life, 3/10/66) To date, Leary is the only person to have attempted to pull all this together. Having reduced everyone to a state of hyper-impressionable plasticity, he incorporated a backwoods myth of the modern-scientific-truth-underlying-all-world-religions, a cretin's catechism broadcast persuasively at the same time as it was expressed by the integral manipulation of sense data. Leary's personal vulgarity should not blind anyone to the possibilities implicit in this. A crass manipulation of subjective experience accepted ecstatically as a mystical revelation.
"All this art is finished. . . . Squares on the wall. Shapes on the floor. Emptiness. Empty rooms" (Warhol to a reporter from Vogue). Nihilism is the second most widespread form of contemporary 'avant-garde' culture; the morass stretches from playwrights like Ionesco and film-makers like Antonioni, through novelists like Robbe-Grillet and Burroughs, to the paintings and sculpture of the pop, destructive and auto-destructive artists. All re-enact a Dadaist revulsion from contemporary life -- but their revolt, such as it is, is purely passive., theatrical and aesthetic, shorn of any of the passionate fury, horror or desperation which would lead to a really destructive praxis. Neo-Dada, whatever its formal similarities to Dada, is re-animated by a spirit diametrically opposed to that of the original Dadaist groups. "The only truly disgusting things," said Picabia, "are Art and Anti-Art. Wherever Art rears its head, life disappears." Neo-Dada, far from being a terrified outcry at the almost complete disappearance of life, is, on the contrary, an attempt to confer a purely aesthetic value on its absence and on the schizophrenic incoherence of its surrogates. It invites us to contemplate the wreckage, ruin and confusion surrounding us, and not to take up arms in the gaiety of the world's subversion, pillage and total overthrow. Their culture of the absurd reveals only the absurdity of their culture.
Purely contemplative nihilism is no more the special province of artists than is modern reformism. In fact, neo-Dada lags way behind the misadventures of the commodity-economy itself -- every aspect of life today could pass as its own parody. The Naked Lunch pales before any of the mass media. Its real significance is quite different. For pop art is not only, as Black mask remarks, the apotheosis of capitalist reality: it is the last ditch attempt to shore up the decomposition of the spectacle. Decay has reached the point where it must be made attractive in its own right. If nothing has any value, then nothing must become valuable. The bluff may be desperate but no one dares to call it, here or anywhere else. And so Marvel comics become as venerable as Pope. The function of neo-Dada is to provide an aesthetic and ideological alibi for the coming period, to which modern commerce is condemned, of increasingly pointless and self-destructive products: the consumption/anti-consumption of the life/anti-life. Galbraith's subordination of economic to aesthetic goals is perfectly summed up in the Mystic Box. "Throw switch 'on.' Box rumbles and quivers. Lid slowly rises, a hand emerges and pushes switch off. Hand disappears as lid slams shut. Does absolutely nothing but switch off!" The nihilism of modern art is merely an introduction to the art of modern nihilism.

The Intelligentsia Split in Two

These two movements -- the attempt to reform the spectacle and the attempt to arrest its crisis as purely contemplative nihilism -- are distinct but in no way contradictory manoeuvres. In both cases, the function of the artist is merely to give aesthetic consecration to what has already taken place. His job is purely ideological. The role played today by the work of art has dissociated everything in art which awoke real creativity and revolt from everything which imposed passivity and conformism. Its revolutionary and its alienated elements have sprung apart and become the living denial of one another. Art as commodity has become the arch-enemy of all real creativity.
The resolution of the ambiguity of culture is also the resolution of the ambiguity of the intelligentsia. The present cultural set-up is potentially split into two bitterly opposed factions. The majority of the intelligentsia has, quite crudely, sold out. At the same time, its truly dissident and imaginative elements have refused all collaboration, all productivity, within the forms tolerated by social power and are tending more and more to become indistinguishable from the rest of the new lumpenproletariat in their open contempt and derision for the 'values' of consumer society. While the way of life of the servile intelligentsia is the living denial of anything remotely resembling either creativity or intelligence, the rebel intelligentsia is becoming caught up in the reality of disaffection and revolt, refusing to work and inevitably faced, point blank, with a radical reappraisal of the relationship between creativity and everyday life. Frequenting the lumpen, they will learn to use other weapons than their imagination. One of our first moves must be to envenom the latent hostility between these two factions. It shouldn't be too difficult. The demoralisation of the servile intelligentsia is already proverbial. The contradictions between fake glamour and the reality of their mental celebrity are too flagrant to pass unperceived, even by those who are, indisputably, the most stupid people in contemporary society.

Revolt, the Spectacle and the Game

The real creativity of the times is at the antipodes of anything officially acknowledged to be 'art.' Art has become an integral part of contemporary society and a 'new' art can only exist as a supersession of contemporary society as a whole. It can only exist as the creation of new forms of activity. As such, ['new' art] has formed an integral part of every eruption of real revolt over the last decade. All have expressed the same furious and baffled will to live, to live every possible experience to the full -- which, in the context of a society which suppresses life in all its forms, can only mean to construct experience and to construct it against the given order. To create immediate experience as purely hedonistic and experimental enjoyment of itself can be expressed by only one social form -- the game -- and it is the desire to play that all real revolt has asserted against the uniform passivity of this society of survival and the spectacle. The game is the spontaneous way everyday life enriches and develops itself; the game is the conscious form of the supersession of spectacular art and politics. It is participation, communication and self-realisation resurrected in their adequate form. It is the means and the end of total revolution.
The reduction of all lived experience to the production and consumption of commodities is the hidden system by which all revolt is engendered, and the tide rising in all the highly industrialised countries can only throw itself more and more violently against the commodity-form. Moreover, this confirmation can only become increasingly embittered as the integration effected by power is revealed as more and more clearly to be the re-conversion of revolt into a spectacular commodity (q.v., the transparence of the conforming non-conformity dished up for modern youth). Life is revealed as a war between the commodity and the ludic. As a pitiless game. And there are only two ways to subordinate the commodity to the desire to play: either by destroying it, or by subverting it.

The Real Avant-Garde: The Game-Revolt of Delinquency, Petty Crime and the New Lumpen

The juvenile delinquents -- not the pop artists -- are the true inheritors of Dada. Instinctively grasping their exclusion from the whole of social life, they have denounced its products, ridiculed, degraded and destroyed them. A smashed telephone, a burnt car, a terrorised cripple are the living denial of the 'values' in the name of which life is eliminated. Delinquent violence is a spontaneous overthrow of the abstract and contemplative role imposed on everyone, but the delinquents' inability to grasp any possibility of really changing things once and for all forces them, like the Dadaists, to remain purely nihilistic. They can neither understand nor find a coherent form for the direct participation in the reality they have discovered, for the intoxication and sense of purpose they feel, for the revolutionary values they embody. The Stockholm riots, the Hell's Angels, the riots of Mods and Rockers -- all are the assertion of the desire to play in a situation where it is totally impossible. All reveal quite clearly the relationship between pure destructivity and the desire to play: the destruction of the game can only be avenged by destruction. Destructivity is the only passionate use to which one can put everything that remains irremediably separated. It is the only game the nihilist can play; the bloodbath of the 120 Days of Sodom proletarianised along with the rest.
The vast escalation of petty crime -- spontaneous, everyday crime on a mass level -- marks a qualitatively new stage in contemporary class conflict: the turning point between pure destruction of the commodity and the stage of its subversion. Shoplifting, for example, beyond being a grass-roots refusal of hierarchically organised distribution, is also a spontaneous rebuttal of the use of both product and productive force. The sociologists and floorwalkers concerned -- neither group being noted for a particularly ludic attitude towards life -- have failed to spot either that people enjoy the act of stealing, or, through an even darker piece of dialectical foul-play, that people are beginning to steal because they enjoy it. Theft is, in fact, a summary overthrow of the whole structure of the spectacle; it is the subordination of the inanimate object, from whose free use we are withheld, to the living sensations it can awake when played with imaginatively within a specific situation. And the modesty of something as small as shoplifting is deceptive. A teenage girl interviewed recently remarked: "I often get this fancy that the world stands still for an hour and I go into a shop and get rigged" (Evening Standard, 16/8/66). Alive, in embryo, is our whole concept of subversion: the bestowal of a whole new use value on this useless world and against this useless world, subordinated to the sovereign pleasure of subjective creativity.
The formation of the new lumpen prefigures several features of an all-encompassing subversion. On the one hand, the lumpen is the sphere of complete social breakdown of apathy, negativity and nihilism -- but, at the same time, in so far as it defines itself by its refusal to work and its attempt to use its clandestine leisure in the invention of new types of free activity, [the lumpen] is fumbling, however clumsily, with the quick of the revolutionary supersession now possible. As such it could quickly become social dynamite. It only needs to realise the possibility of everyday life being transformed, objectively, for its last illusions to lose their power, e.g., the futile attempt to revitalize immediate experience subjectively, by heightening its perception with drugs, etc. The Provo movement in 1966 was the first groping attempt of this new, and still partly heterogeneous, social force to organise itself into a mass movement aimed at the qualitative transformation of everyday life. At its highest moment, [the Provo movement]'s upsurge of disruptive self-expression superseded both traditional art and traditional politics. It collapsed not through any essential irrelevance of the social forces it represented, but through their complete lack of any real political consciousness: through their blindness to their own hierarchical organisation and through their failure to grasp the full extent of the crisis of contemporary society and the staggering libertarian possibilities it conceals.
Initially, the new lumpen will probably be our most important theatre of operations. We must enter it as a power against it and precipitate its crisis. Ultimately, this can only mean to start a real movement between the lumpen and the rest of the proletariat: their conjunction will define the revolution. In terms of the lumpen itself, the first thing to do is to dissociate the rank-and-file from the incredible crock of shit raised up, like a monstrance, by their leaders and ideologists. The false intelligentsia -- from the CIA-subsidised torpor of the latest New Left, to the sanctimonious little bits of International Times -- are a New Establishment whose tenure depends on the success with which they can confront the most way-out point of social and intellectual revolt. The parody they stage can only arouse a growing radicalism and fury on the part of those they claim to represent. The Los Angeles Free Press, distilling their experience of revolt in an article aptly entitled To Survive in the Streets, could in all seriousness conclude: "Summing up: Dress warm, keep clean and healthy, eat a balanced diet, live indoors and avoid crime. Living in the streets can be fun if you conscientiously study the rules of the game." (Reprinted in The East Village Other, 15/6/67). Hippie racketeers should certainly steer clear of public places, come the day. The poesie faite par tous has been known to be somewhat trigger-happy in the past.

Revolution as a Game

The new revolutionary movement can be no more than the organisation of popular revolt into its most coherent, its richest form. And there is no organisation to date which would not completely betray it. All previous political critiques of the repressive hierarchy engendered by the past revolutionary argument -- that of Solidarity, for example -- have completely missed the point: they were not focused on precisely what it was that this hierarchy repressed and perverted in the form of passive militancy. In the context of the radical 'ethics' still bogged down in singularly distasteful forms of sub-Christian masochism, the ludic aspects of the revolution cannot be over-emphasised. Revolution is essentially a game and one plays it for the pleasure involved. Its dynamic is a subjective fury to live, not altruism. It is totally opposed to any form of self-sacrificial subordination of oneself to a cause -- to Progress, to the Proletariat, to Other People. Any such attitude is diametrically opposed to the revolutionary appreciation of reality: it is no more than an ideological extension of religion for the use by the 'revolutionary' leaderships in justifying their own power and in repressing every sign of popular creativity.
The game is the destruction of the sacred -- whether it be the sanctity of Jesus or the santity of the electric mixer and the Wonderloaf. Tragedy, said Lukacs, is a game played in the sight of godlessness. The true form of godlessness will be the final achievement of revolution -- the end of the illusory and all its forms, the beginning of real life and its direct self-consciousness.
The revolutionary movement must be a game as much as the society it prefigures. Ends and means cannot be disassociated. We are concerned first and foremost with the construction of our own lives. Today, this can only mean the total destruction of power. Thus the crucial revolutionary problem is the creation of a praxis in which self-expression and social disruption are one and the same thing: of creating a style of self-realisation which can only spell the destruction of everything which blocks total realisation. From another point of view, this is the problem of creating the coherent social form of what is initially and remains essentially an individual and subjective revolt. Only Marx's original project, the creation of the total man, of an individual reappropriating the entire experience of the species, can supersede the individual vs. Society dualism by which hierarchical power holds itself together while it holds us apart. If it fails in this, then the new revolutionary movement will merely build an even more labyrinthine illusory community; or, alternatively, it will shatter into an isolated and ultimately self-destructive search for kicks. If it succeeds, then it will permeate society as a game that everyone can play. There is nothing left today that can withstand a coherent opposition once it has established itself as such. Life and revolution will be invented together or not at all.
All the creativity of the time will grow from this movement and it is in this perspective that our own experiments will be made and should be understood. The end of this process will not merely be the long overdue end of this mad, disintegrating civilisation. It will be the end of pre-history itself. Man stands on the verge of the greatest breakthrough ever made in the human appropriation of nature. Man is the world of man and a new civilisation can only be based on man's free and experimental creation of his own world and his own creation. This creation will no longer accept any internal division or separation. Life will be the creation of life itself. The total man will be confronted only with his ever-increasing appropriation of nature, of his own nature, finally elaborated, in all of its beauty and terror, as our 'worthy opponent' in a ludic conflict where everything is possible.

Written by Tim Clark, Christopher Gray, Charles Radcliffe and Donald Nicholson-Smith.

(Note: mistakenly described as a "manifesto" by Chronos Publications, which published it as a pamphlet in October 1994, this text was never published by either the English section of the Situationist International nor by the SI as a whole. It appears to have circulated as a "confidential" manuscript.]

A GUERRA CONTRA OS JUDEUS

 Por que a opinião pública global se volta contra Israel em meio à crise econômica

As reações políticas à guerra em Gaza mostram que o número de amigos de Israel diminui com o aumento da precariedade da sua situação militar. Ocorre um deslocamento tectônico na relação de forças. Desde sempre o Oriente Próximo foi palco não de conflitos limitados entre interesses regionais, mas de um conflito vicário, i. é, de um conflito entre atores substitutos, paradigmático e com forte carga ideológica. Na época da Guerra Fria o conflito entre Israel e a Palestina era visto como paradigma da oposição entre um imperialismo ocidental liderado pelos EUA e um campo “antiimperialista”, cuja liderança era disputada pela União Soviética e a China. A propaganda de ambos os lados ignorou aqui o duplo caráter do Estado israelense - por um lado um país moderno convencional no âmbito do mercado mundial, por outro uma resposta dos judeus à ideologia da marginalização eliminadora do antisemitismo europeu e sobretudo alemão. Subsumia-se Israel a uma constelação da política mundial, que nunca explicou cabalmente o país.
Depois do colapso do socialismo de Estado e dos “movimentos nacionais de libertação”, que tinham formulado um programa de “desenvolvimento recuperador” com base no mercado mundial, a natureza do conflito vicário sofreu uma modificação fundamental. No Oriente Próximo e além das suas fronteiras, o lugar dos regimes desenvolvimentistas laicos foi ocupado pelo assim chamado islamismo, que se revela apenas na aparência como movimento tradicionalista de cunho religioso. Na realidade ele é uma ideologia culturalista pós-moderna da crise de uma parte das elites há muito tempo ocidentalizadas nos países islâmicos que representam o potencial autoritário da pós-modernidade e absorveram o antisemitismo europeu, não-islâmico na íntegra. Nessa região, os segmentos do capital, que fracassaram no mercado mundial, declararam a guerra aos judeus como combate paradigmático à dominação ocidental. Inversamente, o imperialismo da crise ocidental, encabeçado pelos EUA, transformou o islamismo no novo inimigo principal depois de tê-lo aleitado e abastecido com armas antes, durante a Guerra Fria.
Essa nova constelação levou a confusões ideológicas de grau imprevisto. Nas regiões de crise, o neoliberalismo parecia identificar-se com a guerra da ordem mundial capitalista contra os “Estados em desagregação”; no Oriente Próximo, parecia identificar-se com Israel. Desde então, correntes neofascistas do mundo inteiro andam de mãos dadas com a “luta de resistência” islâmica de viés antisemita, embora ao mesmo tempo aticem sentimentos racistas contra migrantes dos países islâmicos. Segmentos expressivos da esquerda global também passaram a transferir sem qualquer cerimônia a glorificação do velho “antiimperialismo” aos movimentos e regimes islâmicos. Isso só pode ser caracterizado como penúria ideológica, pois o islamismo é contra tudo o que a esquerda defendeu na sua história: persegue sem clemência todo e qualquer pensamento marxista com opressão e tortura, pune o homossexualismo com a pena capital e trata as mulheres como seres de segunda categoria. A responsabilidade por isso também não deve ser atribuída a nenhuma religião tradicional, mas a uma militância de tinturas culturalistas do patriarcado capitalista, hoje em crise, que se dá a conhecer de outro modo também no Ocidente. A nada santa aliança entre o caudilhismo “socialista” de um Hugo Chávez e o islamismo representa apenas a ratificação dessa decadência ideológica no plano da política mundial, destituída de qualquer perspectiva emancipadora.
Desde a recente quebra financeira, sem precedentes na história, a constelação global está dando uma volta a mais. Agora fica claro que o colapso do socialismo de Estado e dos regimes desenvolvimentistas nacionais foi apenas o prenúncio de uma grande crise do mercado mundial. O neoliberalismo está falido e a guerra da ordem mundial capitalista não mais pode ser financiada. Nessa situação evidencia-se que Israel sempre foi apenas um peão no tabuleiro de xadrez do imperialismo da crise global. A própria administração Bush no fim passou a considerar inofensivo o programa iraniano de armamento nuclear. Os interesses dos EUA e de Israel se dissociam. Obama não dispõe mais de uma margem de atuação político-militar. A guerra islâmica contra os judeus é aceita como inevitável. Por isso os lançamentos de foguetes do Hamas sobre a população civil israelense se afiguram inessenciais. A opinião pública global caracteriza o contra-ataque israelense majoritariamente como “desproporcional”. Os palestinos em Gaza são identificados como vítimas juntamente com o Hamas, como se esse regime não se tivesse imposto em uma sangrenta guerra civil contra o grupo laico Fatah.
Assim a propaganda islâmica do massacre da população civil cai em terra fértil. Com efeito, o Hamas transforma, exatamente como o Hizbollah libanês em 2006, a população em refém, ao transformar mesquitas em depósitos de armamentos e permitir que seus quadros armados atirem de escolas ou hospitais. A opinião pública mundial ignora isso, pois já reconheceu o Hamas como “poder de garantia da ordem” em meio à crise social. Por isso o pragmatismo capitalista se volta, conforme se pode observar até na imprensa burguesa de orientação liberal, cada vez mais contra a autodefesa israelense. Aqui reside de resto o segredo da virada neo-estatista em meio à queda da economia global: as massas depauperadas devem ser pacificadas com meios autoritários, e para tanto serve agora até o islamismo, ainda mais se ele logra legitimar-se formalmente como democracia. Mesmo uma esquerda, que não tem mais um objetivo socialista e se jacta da pós-moderna “perda de todas as certezas”, corre o risco de identificar-se com a administração autoritária da crise e aceitar como inevitável a guerra islâmica contra os judeus, como se ela fosse um mero flanqueamento ideológico. O conflito vicário alcançou uma dimensão social no plano global. Contra o mainstream ideológico, faz-se mister constatar que o aniquilamento do Hamas e do Hizbollah é condição elementar não apenas de uma paz capitalista precária na Palestina, mas também de uma melhoria das condições sociais. Se as perspectivas para tanto são ruins, são boas para a desagregação da sociedade mundial na barbarização.

11.01.2009

Robert Kurz


Traduzido por Peter Naumann

Place Tahrir au Caire: Provocation



Le gouvernement de Moubarak envoie des milliers d’hommes de main armés de pierres et de cocktails Molotov. Pour préparer leurs attaques à venir et intimider les manifestants présents, des hommes de main infiltrés diffusent des rumeurs intimidantes. Les manifestant ont compris ce qui était à l’œuvre et se sont organisés pour les arrêter et les remettre aux militaires. Il est à peu près 15h00 lorsqu’une manifestation d’hommes prétendument pro-Moubarak fait un forcing pour pénétrer à l’intérieur de la place. L’armée est débordée. La foule des manifestants s’amasse à l’entrée de la place près du Musée du Caire et repousse avec succès un millier d’hommes de main. Tandis que les hommes de main sont sur le point de pénétrer sur la place Tahrir, les manifestants supplient l’armée d’intervenir. Un soldat descend du char sur lequel il est posté et tente de faire reculer à lui seul les hommes de main. Un des trois militaires postés à cet endroit donne l’ordre de tirer des coups de feu dissuasifs.
Quatre ou cinq coups de feu sont tirés et suffisent à faire fuir les hommes de main. La foule crie de joie et monte sur le char pour embrasser son héros. Les hommes de main arrêtés par les manifestants sont remis aux militaires sous les coups et les insultes de la foule. Chaque homme de main est protégé par 3 ou 4 manifestants qui veillent à ce que ces affrontements ne tournent pas au pugilat. Les blessés se comptent par dizaines. Les hommes de main arrêtés par les manifestants représentent une cinquantaine ou une centaine de personnes. Sans intervention musclée de l’armée pour cesser cette infamie orchestrée par le gouvernement Moubarak, les manifestants risquent de périr cette nuit sous des attaques plus organisées, plus violentes et plus meurtrières. Les manifestants s’organisent déjà et alignent les pierres rue Talaat Harb pour répondre à une prochaine attaque éventuelle (photo à droite). A 18h15 les hommes de main du président Moubarak tentent de mettre le feu au Musée du Caire. Source le Caire
16h20. Les hommes envoyés par Moubarak sont pour beaucoup des policiers en civils et des Egyptiens pauvres payés pour venir se battre. Aux dires de témoins cairotes, ils sont arrivés par bus entier ce matin. Sur les images, (voir ci-dessous), certains sont venus à cheval et même à dos de dromadaire. Armés de bâtons, jetant des pierres ou tirant des coups de feu dans la foule. Ils s'en prennent à tout le monde, même les femmes, les enfants qui campent sur la place Tahrir depuis plusieurs jours. Des scènes d'extrêmes violences. Notamment envers les photographes et les journalistes, visés par les pro-Moubarak. Certains sont tabassés, d'autres arrêtés.                                   
15h15. La violence redouble place Taalat Harb, près de la place Tahrir, au Caire. Des centaines de partisans de Moubarak sont armés de bâtons et s'en prennent aux manifestants qui réclament le départ du président. Certains sont juchés sur des chevaux ou des chameaux. Dans un hôtel proche de la place, un photographe a été recueilli, sérieusement amoché. L'objectif de son appareil photo a été arraché, il a reçu des coups de la part de manifestants pro-Moubarak soucieux qu'aucune photo ne soit prise de ces affrontements.
14h38: L'opposant Mohamed ElBaradei accuse le gouvernement d'Hosni Moubarak de recourir à «la tactique de la peur» après les heurts survenus au Caire entre des pro et anti-Moubarak. «J'ai peur que cela tourne au bain de sang», a-t-il précisé, en qualifiant de «bande de voyous» les manifestants pro-Moubarak. 

14h30. Des affrontements violents continuent de se produire entre anti- et pro-Moubarak sur la place Tahrir. Les pro-Moubarak, qui sont plusieurs centaines, peut-être plus d'un millier, tentent de prendre le contrôle de la place, que les anti veulent conserver. C'est un combat pour garder cette grande place au centre de la capitale égyptienne, rapporte notre envoyé spécial Luc Peillon. Il y a des dizaines de blessés. «Où est l'armée ? Que fait l'armée ?» demandent les anti-Moubarak. Un pro-Moubarak sur lequel les manifestants ont semble-t-il trouvé une carte de police est en train de se faire lyncher. Les manifestants y voient la preuve que les pro-Moubarak sont des policiers en civil ou des membres des services secrets.
14 heures. Des hommes à dos de cheval ou de chameaux remontent la place, chargeant la foule. Il semblerait qu'il s'agisse de manifestants pro-Moubarak
13 heures. Situation tendue place Tahrir, au Caire, épicentre de la révolte. «Des supporters pro-Moubarak ont réussi à rejoindre la place, forçant les barrages», «La situation est tendue. Des bagarres éclatent. De plus en plus nombreuses et violentes.» Les anti-Moubarak restent largement majoritaires, ils sont plusieurs milliers contre quelques centaines de supporters du président contesté. Ce n'est pas la première fois que ces partisans de Moubarak descendent dans la rue, ils étaient quelques centaines hier et quelques poignées devant le siège de la télévision d'État. «Pour la plupart, ce sont des policiers en civil, envoyés là par Moubarak», dénoncent certains Cairotes. La chaîne Al-Jazira montrait des groupes de manifestants se lançant des projectiles, sans intervention visible de l'armée. Les correspondants de la chaîne indiquent qu'il y aurait des blessés parmi les manifestants.
Le mouvement de contestation a maintenu son appel à des manifestations massives vendredi malgré l'annonce du président la veille qu'il ne se représenterait pas à la présidentielle en septembre et un appel de l'armée aux manifestants de rentrer chez eux.
A Alexandrie, Selon des témoins, un groupe de partisans de M. Moubarak, armés de couteaux et de bâtons, ont attaqué des manifestants en chantant "On t'aime Hosni". Mais l'armée est intervenue et a dispersé les agresseurs.
L'accès à internet serait en partie rétabli en Égypte, après plus de cinq jours de coupure. Au Caire, des journalistes de l'AFP ont pu, dès mercredi matin, utiliser un serveur égyptien. Des citoyens contactés ont aussi indiqué avoir réussi à naviguer sur la Toile. D'autres internautes déclarent également, sur des réseaux sociaux comme Twitter, que l'accès aux réseaux de téléphonie 3G est de nouveau disponible. Les autorités avaient ordonné vendredi un double blocage, celui du protocole DNS (Domain Name Server) qui permet aux ordinateurs de s'orienter sur Internet, et du protocole BGP - Border Gateway Protocol, qui permet aux sites d'indiquer où ils sont situés sur le Réseau.
La principale chaîne d'informations en continu arabe, Al-Jazira, a affirmé mercredi que ses émissions, dont la diffusion est interrompue sur un satellite contrôlé par le gouvernement égyptien, subissaient des brouillages sur d'autres satellites diffusant dans tout le monde arabe. "Il est clair que certains pouvoirs ne veulent pas que nos images appelant à la démocratie et aux réformes soient accessibles au public", estime la chaîne satellitaire basée au Qatar. Al-Jazira avait déjà annoncé dimanche que le satellite du gouvernement égyptien Nilesat avait cessé de diffuser ses émissions.
La chaîne a affirmé que ses émissions retransmises par les satellites Arabsat et Hotbird connaissaient à présent "des coupures fréquentes, forçant des millions de téléspectateurs à travers le monde arabe à changer les fréquences des satellites pendant la journée".

Magouilles autour d'Hadopi à Paris



Ils espéraient sans doute que ça passe inaperçu. Raté. Lors de l'examen du projet de loi de simplification et d'amélioration de la qualité du droit, au cours duquel il a sauvé l'accès de la Sacem aux fichiers du fisc, le gouvernement a déposé mardi à la dernière minute un amendement repéré par Samuel Authueil, qui modifie la loi Hadopi. Il a été adopté après minuit par une majorité disciplinée. Cet amendement 151 étend le périmètre des missions de l'Hadopi en matière d'offre légale et d'observation des usages, en indiquant qu'elle "peut engager toute action de sensibilisation des consommateurs et des acteurs économiques dans les domaines énumérés aux alinéas précédents, et apporter son soutien à des projets innovants de recherche et d’expérimentation, conduits par des personnes publiques ou privées et dont la réalisation concourt à la mise en œuvre de la mission qui lui a été assignée au 1° de l’article L. 331-13". Autrement dit, la Haute Autorité pourra désormais octroyer des subventions aux acteurs privés pour tout ce qui concerne le "développement de l'offre légale et d'observation de l'utilisation licite et illicite des œuvres". Il s'agira aussi bien de financer la création ou la maintenance de plateformes de musique en ligne ou de VOD, que de financer des études de marché et autres sondages commandés par des lobbys de l'industrie culturelle.

Le procédé législatif nocturne n'a pas déplu à Pascal Nègre, le président d'Universal Music France, qui lorsque l'amendement a été découvert estimait sur Twitter que "cela m'a l'air plutôt positif et consensuel pour une fois :)". Pas sûr. Avec cette modification législative, le budget de plus de 12 millions d'euros de l'Hadopi va servir pour partie à ajouter une perfusion supplémentaire au bras des maisons de disques et des studios de cinéma, alors que le gouvernement a déjà provisionné 75 millions d'euros sur 3 ans pour la Carte Musique Jeune (qui certes, est un échec cuisant, ce qui devrait réduire la note pour le contribuable...). Quelles seront les modalités d'octroi des subventions ? Sur quels critères ? Avec quelles égalités des chances pour les différents projets proposés ? Une telle proposition promet soit de créer une situation d'avantage concurrentiel anormal pour la ou les quelques plateformes financées, soit d'aboutir à des financements tellement nombreux qu'ils en deviendront insignifiants et inutiles, tout en restant aussi coûteux pour l'État. S'il était si consensuel que cela, le gouvernement n'aurait pas présenté son amendement à la dernière seconde, dans un texte qui n'a rien à voir avec le sujet. C'est le député UMP Frank Riester qui est venu défendre le gouvernement. "Si, il s'agit de clarification", a-t-il insisté, sans le démontrer. L'ancien rapporteur des lois Hadopi a sans doute oublié au passage qu'il aurait été plus élégant et plus respectueux de la séparation des pouvoirs de ne pas venir à l'hémicycle défendre un amendement qui étend les missions du collège de la Haute Autorité... dont il est membre, et au titre de laquelle il reçoit une rémunération . On imagine que dire que l'Hadopi est une "autorité administrative indépendante" n'est qu'une vue de l'esprit, et qu'il a souhaité en faire la démonstration... 

mardi 1 février 2011

Les amis de Ben

Alliot-Marie a profité de l'avion d'un proche de Ben Ali Michèle Alliot-Marie n'en finit pas d'être carbonisée par ses relations avec le clan Ben Ali. Le Canard enchaîné affirme, dans son édition du mercredi 2 février, que la ministre des affaires étrangères, accompagnée de son jules Patrick Ollier, ministre des relations avec le pseudo-parlement, et des parents, a profité à titre gracieux d'un jet privé appartenant à Aziz Miled, l'homme d'affaires le plus proche du gang Ben Ali-Trabelsi, et Belhassen Trabelsi, beau-frère du président déchu Ben Ali. La ministre a reconnu avoir fait ce voyage, durant les vacances de Noël, entre Hammamet et Tabarka, pour se rendre dans un hôtel appartenant également à Aziz Miled. L'entourage de Mme  MAM répond au Canard Enchaîné que ce dernier n'est "pas, mais alors pas du tout un proche de Ben Ali". Un mensonge bien hardie : d'une part l'homme d'affaires était associé au beau-frère de l'ex-président tunisien. Ensuite, comme le prouve cette liste (.pdf), l'homme a vu ses avoirs en Suisse gelés par la confédération helvétique à la suite de la chute de l'ex-homme fort du pays. Selon Le Canard, il était l'un des bailleurs de fonds des campagnes de M. Ben Ali et a signé un appel pour que ce dernier se représente en 2014.  
Ministre de Droit Divin: (1986/1988 - 1993/1995 - 2002/2011: Ouf, 13 années à 7 postes sous 3 présidents...)
                      Retour sur Terre et les nouvelles du front:

Moubarak devient Fou:           

"Je demande aux services de contrôle de prendre les mesures nécessaires pour poursuivre ceux qui ont été responsables de l'insécurité que vit l'Égypte et à l'origine des pillages et des destructions", a-t-il déclaré. Le président égyptien a enfin dit qu'il était "fier des longues années qu'il a passées au service de l'Egypte et de son peuple", et a assuré qu'il mourra dans son pays.

29 janvier - France: À Paris, comme dans de nombreux endroits dans le monde (Londres, Barcelone, Washington, New York, Tokyo, Athènes, Rome, Helsinki, Beyrouth, Amman, Caracas…), manifestations de soutien au peuple égyptien. La police française procède à des violences contre les manifestants (lire communiqué ex-LCR) et à la vérification d'identité de plus d'une centaine de personnes.
29 janvier – Tunisie: L'esplanade de la Kasbah est bouclée par les militaires. Le calme semble être revenu au dire des mass media… Quelques tirs de lacrymos pour disperser «des jeunes qui s'en prennent à des magasins». Une manifestation réunit des centaines de femmes pour défendre leur émancipation. Au cours du sommet économique de Davos, les représentants tunisiens réclament le retour des investisseurs et des touristes…
28 janvier – Chypre: Participation élevée à la grève générale contre les mesures d'austérité qui remettent en cause le droit du travail.
29 janvier – Algérie: Plus de 10.000 personnes manifestent à Béjaïa, en Kabylie, pour réclamer la levée de l'état d'urgence (en vigueur depuis 19 ans) et un changement de régime. 
30 janvier – Égypte: Effondrement des bourses arabes. Mutinerie et évasion de plus d'un milliers de détenus de la prison de Wadi Natroun, à 100 km au nord du Caire. Devant la prison d'Abou Zaabal, à l'est du Caire, 12 corps de prisonniers ont été trouvés alors que tous les autres détenus se seraient évadés après une émeute. Des scènes similaires se seraient produites dans au moins 4 autres taules du pays. Pillages au musée du Caire. La chaîne Al Jazeera, qui couvrait les manifestations, ne diffuse plus, suite à un ordre du gouvernement. Premiers affrontements avec les militaires qui jusqu'alors ne s'étaient pas encore montrés hostiles aux manifestants. La place centrale du Caire (Tahrir) est à nouveau noire de monde. Des avions de combat surveillent la foule. Plusieurs milliers de manifestants décident de passer la nuit sur la place.
30 janvier – Soudan: Manifestation (essentiellement de jeunes) à Khartoum contre les prix élevés et le régime de Béchir. Des pierres volent sur les flics qui répliquent à coups de bâton et procèdent à plusieurs arrestations avec l'aide d'étudiants proches du pouvoir. Manif sévèrement réprimée d'étudiants qui réclament la révolution à El Obeid (nord du pays). Rassemblement également à Omdurman où un manifestant mourra des suites de ses blessures le lendemain.
30 janvier – Maroc: Manifestations à Fès et à Tanger à l'appel d'Attac Maroc contre la hausse des prix mais aussi pour saluer les peuples égyptiens et tunisiens, demander le départ du roi, réclamer un toit et une vie décente pour tous. Dispersion violente par la police.
30 janvier – Syrie : Rassemblement de jeunes devant l'ambassade d'Égypte à Damas empêché par les forces de l'ordre.
31 janvier – Égypte: Retour de la police dans les rues. L'OPEP annonce un risque de pénurie de pétrole. Début de grève générale. Au Caire, la place Tahrir est à nouveau noire de monde toute la journée et malgré le couvre-feu. Certaines pancartes dénoncent «l'hypocrisie de l'Occident». Le nouveau premier ministre forme un nouveau gouvernement : un général de la police est nommé au ministère de l'intérieur. L'armée annonce qu'elle n'utilisera pas la force contre les manifestants mais arrête «voyous» et «saboteurs».
31 janvier – Tunisie : Rassemblement de jeunes violemment dispersé à Tunis dont les rues sont plutôt calmes depuis le 29. Grève générale à Kasserine. Là-bas, la sous-préfecture et d'autres bâtiments officiels sont pillés et saccagés (maison des jeunes, office de l'élevage, institut d'études technologiques…). Le syndicat UGTT se dissocie, y compris de l'appel à la grève, lancée par tract anonyme. D'autres actes de sabotage à Sfax et Mahdia. Un policier de Tunis a affirmé lundi à l'AFP, sous couvert d'anonymat, que dans plusieurs villes, des jeunes désœuvrés étaient «payés 25 dinars (environ 18 $CAN) pour participer à des pillages et faire peur aux gens».
31 janvier – Ontario: Manifestation de plus de 10.000 personnes pour soutenir les travailleurs métallos lockoutés par US Steel qui veut saborder leur régime de retraites.
1er février – Égypte: L'ONU parle de 300 morts depuis le début du soulèvement. Manifestation à Louxor, plus de 250.000 personnes rassemblées à Suez, plus de 130.000 à Alexandrie et plus de 2 millions de personnes au Caire... 
Des civils armés de bâton veillent à éviter «les débordements et provocations». Flics et soldats fouillent les sacs et contrôlent l'identité de manifestants qui rejoignent la place Tahrir. La foule est contenue dans la place par les militaires qui par ailleurs veillent sur le palais présidentiel, protégé par des barbelés. L'opposition, le FMI et la diplomatie mondiale préparent la transition…
1er février – Algérie: Grève dans les secteurs de la santé et de l'enseignement sur des revendications portant essentiellement sur les salaires.
 
À suivre…:

 

Les noms des experts des labs Hadopi

La Haute Autorité  présente les noms des experts qui composeront les cinq Labs de la Hadopi. Au nombre de sept, (cinq experts et deux experts associés), ils tiendront une première réunion publique le 2 février prochain. Un premier rapport de leur travail est attendu pour la fin du premier semestre 2011.

 

Ces fameux "ateliers d'observations et de discussion en ligne et hors ligne" chargés de "construire des propositions qui seront le fruit d'une réflexion commune et s'appuieront sur la meilleure connaissance possible du secteur". Ces cinq experts (.pdf) seront épaulés par Serge Soudoplatoff et Bruno Spiquel, en tant "qu'experts associés chargés de la mission d'observation et de recommandation sur les modalités de fonctionnement du dispositif, et en particulier sa transversalité et son interactivité". Comme c'est beau !

  • Jean-Michel Planche, en charge du Lab réseaux et techniques
  • Christophe Alleaume, responsable du Lab propriété intellectuelle et Internet
  • Nathalie Sonnac, pilote du Lab économie numérique de la création
  • Cécile Méadel, chargée du Lab usages en ligne
  • Paul Mathias, à la tête du Lab Internet & sociétés

Par ailleurs, la Hadopi organisera le 2 février prochain, de 14 à 18 heures, la première réunion publique de ses Labs à Paris (La Bellevilloise, 19-21 rue Boyer, 75 020 Paris). Cette réunion, ouverte à tous, doit permettre "d'échanger sur le dispositif en lui-même, ses modalités de fonctionnement, de participation, et son calendrier" mais aussi de dialoguer avec les sept experts nommés par la Haute Autorité. Un apéro ça se refuse pas...

Venez nombreux braves hackers et autres P2P-users. Afin de permettre aux internautes de réagir en direct Sur Twitter, Un Hashtag sera géré simultanément par deux des experts.

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